Kukhazikika kwa nyukiliyasi kumatha kuchitika kudzera mu kutulutsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tinthu kapena mafunde, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuwonongeka kwa radioactive iwonongeke komanso kupanga ma radiation a ionizing. Tinthu ta Alpha, tinthu ta beta, gamma rays, ndi neutrons ndi zina mwa mitundu yomwe imapezeka kwambiri. Kuwonongeka kwa alpha kumaphatikizapo kutulutsidwa kwa tinthu tolemera, tomwe tili ndi mphamvu zabwino kuchokera ku nuclei yomwe ikuwola kuti tipeze kukhazikika kwakukulu. Tinthu tating'onoting'onoti sitingathe kulowa pakhungu ndipo nthawi zambiri timatsekedwa bwino ndi pepala limodzi.
Kutengera mtundu wa tinthu kapena mafunde omwe nyukiliyasi imatulutsa kuti ikhale yokhazikika, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuwonongeka kwa ma radiation komwe kumabweretsa ma radiation a ayoni. Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri ndi tinthu ta alpha, tinthu ta beta, ma gamma rays ndi ma neutron.
Kuwala kwa Alpha
Pa nthawi ya alpha radiation, ma nuclei omwe akuwola amatulutsa tinthu tolemera komanso tokhala ndi mphamvu zabwino kuti tipeze bata lalikulu. Tinthu timeneti nthawi zambiri sitingathe kudutsa pakhungu kuti tiwononge ndipo nthawi zambiri timatha kutsekedwa bwino pogwiritsa ntchito pepala limodzi lokha.
Komabe, ngati zinthu zotulutsa alpha zilowa m'thupi kudzera mu kupuma, kumeza, kapena kumwa, zimatha kukhudza mwachindunji minofu yamkati, zomwe zitha kuvulaza thanzi. Chitsanzo cha chinthu chomwe chikuwola kudzera mu tinthu ta alpha ndi Americium-241, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zida zowunikira utsi padziko lonse lapansi.
Ma radiation a beta
Pa nthawi ya ma radiation a beta, ma nuclei amatulutsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono (ma electron), tomwe timalowa kwambiri kuposa tinthu ta alpha ndipo timatha kudutsa madzi a masentimita 1-2, kutengera mphamvu zawo. Kawirikawiri, pepala lopyapyala la aluminiyamu lokhala ndi makulidwe a mamilimita angapo limatha kuletsa ma radiation a beta.
Miyezo ya gamma
Magalasi a Gamma, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo chithandizo cha khansa, ali m'gulu la magalasi amagetsi, monga ma X-ray. Ngakhale magalasi ena a gamma amatha kudutsa m'thupi la munthu popanda zotsatirapo zake, ena amatha kuyamwa ndipo akhoza kuvulaza. Makoma olimba a konkire kapena lead amatha kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha magalasi a gamma pochepetsa mphamvu zawo, ndichifukwa chake zipinda zochizira m'zipatala zomwe zimapangidwira odwala khansa zimamangidwa ndi makoma olimba chonchi.
Manyutroni
Ma neutron, monga tinthu tolemera komanso zigawo zofunika kwambiri za nyukiliyasi, amatha kupangidwa kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, monga ma reactor a nyukiliya kapena ma reaction a nyukiliya omwe amayamba chifukwa cha tinthu tamphamvu kwambiri m'ma accelerator beams. Ma neutron amenewa amagwira ntchito ngati gwero lodziwika bwino la ma radiation osalunjika a ayoni.
Njira Zopewera Kukhudzidwa ndi Radiation
Mfundo zitatu zosavuta komanso zosavuta kutsatira zokhudza kuteteza kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi izi: Nthawi, Kutalikirana, Kuteteza.
Nthawi
Mlingo wa ma radiation womwe wasonkhanitsidwa ndi wogwira ntchito yowunikira umawonjezeka molingana ndi nthawi yomwe ali pafupi ndi gwero la ma radiation. Nthawi yochepa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupi ndi gwero imapangitsa kuti pakhale ma radiation ochepa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kuwonjezeka kwa nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'munda wa ma radiation kumabweretsa kuti pakhale ma radiation ambiri. Chifukwa chake, kuchepetsa nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'munda uliwonse wa ma radiation kumachepetsa kuwonekera kwa ma radiation.
Mtunda
Kukulitsa kulekanitsa pakati pa munthu ndi gwero la ma radiation ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yochepetsera kukhudzana ndi ma radiation. Pamene mtunda kuchokera ku gwero la ma radiation ukuwonjezeka, kuchuluka kwa ma radiation kumachepa kwambiri. Kuchepetsa kuyandikira kwa gwero la ma radiation ndikothandiza kwambiri pochepetsa kukhudzana ndi ma radiation panthawi ya ma mobile radiography ndi fluoroscopy. Kuchepa kwa kukhudzana kumatha kuwerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito inverse square law, yomwe imafotokoza kulumikizana pakati pa mtunda ndi mphamvu ya ma radiation. Lamuloli likunena kuti mphamvu ya ma radiation pa mtunda wodziwika kuchokera ku gwero la mfundo imagwirizana ndi sikweya ya mtunda.
Kuteteza
Ngati kusunga mtunda wokwanira komanso nthawi yochepa sikutsimikizira kuti padzakhala mlingo wochepa wa ma radiation, kumakhala kofunikira kukhazikitsa chitetezo chogwira ntchito kuti pakhale kuwala kokwanira. Zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochepetsa ma radiation zimadziwika kuti chishango, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kumathandiza kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa odwala komanso anthu onse.
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Nthawi yotumizira: Januwale-08-2024
